Turkey night

The fourth Thrusday in November is American Thanksgiving. Coming from Canada I am familiar with the idea of gathering with friends and family around a large table loaded with lots of food to celebrate the harvest. Traditionally, there is turkey and potatoes, stuffing and veggies, but most importantly it seems is the plentitude of food gathered from that year. At McMurdo, this was taken to the extreme.

Due to our small size, the entire Kiwi base was invited over to McMurdo to join them for Thanksgiving dinner on Saturday night. About 30 of us decided to join them for the 7pm sitting (yes, there were multiple sittings - there are over 1,000 people in McMurdo) and we all made our way over or around the hill to find ourselves a spot in line. And my goodness, what a line it was. With several hundred people all waiting to fill their plates, the line snaked its way down the fall around the corner and back up on itself.

Everyone was dressed in their Sunday finest, which varies a lot here in Antarctica. There were some in high heels and others in boots, long dresses and scrubby jeans. It was great just standing in line. But eventually it started moving and we slowly wound our way up and down the hall, around the corner, up the stairs and through the narrow corridor to the food service room. Wow, what a place. It was huge and it was filled with people and food. Turkey, stuffing, potatoes, beans, crab, salad, stuffed peppers, and more. And as you walked past the silverware station there too were the desserts. Piled up in all their glory, fresh fruit spilling down tiers of cakes, pies and other delicacies. It was phenomenal and amazingly difficult not to take one of everything.

[Everyone enjoying their meals with good company]

[A plate stacked full of tasty food - cherries and strawberries were especially welcome]

[A meal well enjoyed]

I found my way to a table of kiwis and we tucked into our delicious meal. We chatted with the token American at our table and enjoyed each others company. I showed my Kiwi friends how to extract crab meant from crab legs and we slowly ate through our dinners. By 8:30pm we were stuffed and ready for home.

Cape Royds

In 1907 Shackelton arrived in Antarctica and searched for suitable place to start his attempt on the pole from. He found Cape Royds. Rich with penguin life at the rookery perched on the tip of the peninsula and with easy sea access he built himself a small hut nestled in the volcanic stone and readied himself for the trek ahead.

[The Barnes Glacier Crack]

On Sunday, we headed out from Scott Base in our Hagglund filled with people and lunches and ECW gear. We rumbled along in the Hagglund, a Swedish tracked vehicle built for warfare in desert environments. It is not a smooth or quiet ride, but rather unique to the whole experience of being here in this place. Padded with jackets and foam mats, and fitted with ear plugs and headphones, you can actually make yourself quite comfortable. Which is good as the drive to Cape Royds takes about 3 hours. We stopped every so often to drop things off at various field camps on the way and to do sea ice profiles at the cracks we encountered to make sure they were safe to cross. But mostly it was the deep rumble on the machine under our bums that kept us going.

[Driving on the sea ice]

[Barnes Glacier]

[A seal hole chewed in the crack]

[Weddell Seal]

[Drilling a sea ice profile]

Finally we arrived at Royds. We stumbled out of the Hagglund, grabbed our bags and headed for the peninsula. We started by hiking up a slope to find two frozen water lakes. Their surfaces frozen to a smooth glassy sheen that rippled like liquid water. Parts of the surface were pocketed with holes made by dust and stone blown onto the surface and causing differential melting. It was great fun to carefully slide across the surface. At one point I bent down to lick the ice to see if it was fresh or salty, I discovered much to my companions delight that it was quite salty and didn’t taste all that great.

[Frozen lake at Cape Royds]

We then moved on to the coast. What a view. Seeing open water was much more exciting than I had expected. Just the amount of life that seemed to teem there surprised me. We watched penguins fly through the water and up onto the sea ice below us. Seals lazing on the coast and watching as penguins waddled by in long lines. It was phenomenal. We hiked down to the waters edge and just took in the total difference that it offered from our experience on the Ice Shelf (which doesn’t melt each year). Even the presence of fluffy cumulous clouds was different, as there are none out by Scott Base because there is very little moisture to produce them.

[The Ross Sea]

We wandered along the coast and took pictures of penguins and seals. We found a really neat pressure dome to climb inside and explore. And we eventually made our way over to Shackleton’s hut nestled beside the penguin rookery and out of the prevailing wind by the surrounding volcanic hills. The raucous sounds of the penguins filled the air almost as much as their fishy smell. To think that these are the same smells and sounds and sights that Shackleton and his men shared is a neat feeling. It was a neat feeling. The inside of the hut was pretty amazing as well. The musty light filtering through the old glass windows playing with the dust moats in the air. It was very still and quiet there, filled with the tedious memories of cooking dinner on a wood stove, eating dehydrated eggs from a can and fiddling in the dark room with cold fingers to produce the images we can see today in books and museums. Very cool indeed.

[Penguin prints]

[Adelie penguins]

[Adelie penguin]

[A pressure dome in the sea ice]

[Walking along the sea ice]

[ASPAs - or Antarctic Specially Protected Areas - are meant to protect things like penguin rookeries, important ecological sites and scientifically significant areas]

[Shackleton's Hut in the shadow of Mount Erebus]

[The inside of Shackelton's Hut]

[Mmmmmm - preserved cabbage]

Soon our times was running short and we still had a 3 hour trip home. So we climbed back into the Hagglund and rumbled across the sea ice to our own little oasis on the other side of Ross Island.

Fun in Antarctica

When we’re not chatting with scientists or writing up our thoughts afterwards, there are plenty of great things to do here at Scott Base. One of my favourite has been to go out skiing.

[Out for a ski]

I have been out a few times, once by myself which was a neat experience and twice with people here on base. It is neat to ski through a completely treeless environment with very little on the landscape to give you a sense of scale – or how far away things are. So something that looks only one kilometre away might actually be 6 kilometres away. It is an interesting feeling – mostly it makes you feel very, very small. But at the same time, by exploring the environment around Scott Base I am starting to feel more at home and more located in the Antarctic environment, it is less out there, less unknown, a more a part of me.

[Do you remember what the green and red flags mean? - a safe route, always follow the flags]

[Skiing out to Castle Rock. It seemed so far away on my first trip here, but it only took an hour to ski to and there was a fun hill to go down on the way back]

Another great pass time here is the observation tube. Over in front of McMurdo, the Americans have set up a metal tube through the sea ice and under water. You climb down the tube using a wee ladder and emerge into a tiny room surrounded by windows. There is even a little box to sit on as you stare out through the windows into the blue, green, yellow seascape filled with fishes, krill, jelly fish and more. If you listen you can hear the rumbling boom of the big heavy vehicles as they drive over the ice a kilometre away and the voices of the people above you as they wait for their turn. After your eyes adjust to the darkness of the sea, you can begin to see the silver flash of fish, the watery shapes of sea stars on the bottom and the ghostly figures of delicate diatoms as they swim by. In Antarctica, it is the ocean where life flourishes. The greatest form of life here is the algae that live on the bottom of the sea ice, making it the glowing yellowy-green that it is in the pictures. After 15 minutes of staring in awe and wonder at the alien beauty of this flourishing environment my time was up and I climbed back up the ladder to my friends waiting for their turn down the tube.

[Anyone know why the ice looks like this?]

[Opening up the Observation tube]

[Looking out the windows]

[The algea makes the bottom of the sea ice look bluey-greeny-yellow]

[Coming back up the tube for the next person to head down]

Interviewing Scientists

We have had a great time here at Scott Base, meeting with scientists, talking with staff and getting out into the wide Antarctic world around us. Now that we are half way through our time here, I thought I would reflect on the work we have done so far and our plans for the next week and a half.

It has been great fun talking to all sorts of different scientists about their work. We have been learning about how they view the Antarctic environment, how they feel their research impacts the environment and how they make decisions about their work based on the environment. After inviting them to participate in our study we give them our information paper that describes our study and tells them about their rights as a participant. When working with humans for research there are a lot of ethics we need to be aware of, like how we recruit people, how we share our data to make sure it is anonymous, and making sure they know they have the right to withdraw their information at any time. Once all that is out of the way, the people who want to participate are asked to fill in a short questionnaire and then we interview them.

[Driving out to field camp - what will they do out there?]

So far we have been interviewing people who have come through Scott Base. In the next week we will be heading out into the field to meet with scientists at their camps. This should be fun, but will also be a lot of work as we will have to take the scientists away from their work for 20 minutes to an hour and try to find a quiet place to do the interview. Hopefully we will be able to find some willing participants to help us with our research.

Pressure Ridges

Just off shore in front of Scott Base is a sinuous line of tumbled ice blocks the size of cars and houses. The line follows the curve of the shore, running parallel to it as it goes. These are pressure ridges – where the dynamic, or moving, ice of the sea runs up against the static, or unmoving, ice glued to the shore. As the two solid surfaces of ice are pushed together by wave and tidal action they become plastic and deform into the dramatic shapes seen out our windows here.

There is a flagged route that leads you through the maze of sculpted figures, taking you past one that looks like a horse rearing up, around another the size of a house, and between two that resemble waves about the crash together over top of you. On the other side of the major thrust you can see new ones just beginning to form. Low rolls in the ice that appear to grow in size as they approach the line of crashing ice. The small ones look almost like seals buried in the snow, while the big ones could be the backs of whales as they come up to breach. In the really big ones you also start to see cracks running along the length of their spines, splitting them in two and allowing them to be thrown up against each other to make new shapes for the wind to sculpt.

Commonly found on the other side of the pressure ridges are seals. Because of the ongoing action with the ice, there are often cracks and holes open to the sea below. This allows the seals to come up. On our walk we came across one mum and her pup resting by a hole. The Weddell Seal is the most commonly seen seal in these parts and proves to be rather unafraid of humans. However the New Zealand Antarctic programme has rules about how people are supposed to act around seals (and all wildlife) to make sure we don’t bother them too much or cause them stress. We can get no closer than 10 metres and cannot try to make them move out of our way. Since they were sunning themselves right in the middle of the pathway, we had to move our way around them, being careful not to disturb them and trying not to fall in any holes ourselves. Once we were around the mama seal huffed at us with her nose and went back to sleep. We wandered back into the stunning landscape of wind sculpted ice.

Science in Antarctica

[Looking out the window and into Antarctica]

Scott Base was first built in 1956 to support both the Trans-Antarctic Expedition and the International Geophysical Year in 1956-1959. The buildings have since evolved and changed over the years, but their purpose remains much the same – to support scientific research in Antarctica.

Having been at Scott Base for a week now, we have been exposed to all sorts of different science going on down here. Through our job of talking to scientists about their environmental-behaviour, we have learned a lot about all sorts of neat projects. Some of them are based right outside our back door here and others further afield, in the dry valleys, out on the ice shelf and elsewhere. I’ll try to introduce you to a few of them here so you can get an idea of what sort of Kiwi science is going on.

Down in the wet lab there are lots of projects going on.

[The wet lab is located just down on the waters edge in front of Scott Base - it is busy with all sorts of science]

One project is looking at water samples taken from out front of Scott Base and comparing the water quality to samples taken 10 years ago from the same locations. The purpose is to learn about how the water filtration system in place here has affected the quality of the water outfall.

[Collecting water samples for testing quality]

[Drilling a hole through the sea ice to reach the sea water below - the sea ice thicknses was about 5-8 feet in depth]

Another project has lots of different pieces to it. The group is catching fish from various locations and looking at them for different things. From leeches that live in fish gills to learning how fish produce anti-freeze in their blood to keep from freezing, this group has all sorts of little (and big) fish in their space.

[Look at all those fish tanks]

[Some little fish caught just outside - these fish keep from freezing in the cold water by producing an anti-freeze in their blood. Can you see the sea star eating a fish?]

[A toothfish, also known as Antarctic Cod or Chilean Sea Bass depending on where you are. These fish are highly prized around the world for their tasty meat, but we have very little idea of their population dynamics or life cycle, so we are trying to learn more before they are all gone - hopefully this will help us take better care of them]

There are also lots of projects out in the field.

[Looking out towards Mount Erebus - a tent is how most field scientists live in the field.]

Out in the dry valleys, there are several groups. Having mapped different ecological areas using satellite images, they are now exploring the place in person to ensure they have succeeded. This could hopefully lead to a new way of categorizing important environments in Antarctica without having to go there in person and possibly contribute to its degradation.

[The Dry Valleys - notice the polygonal ground shaped by permafrost action. Image taken from nsf.gov]

On the sea ice just around Hut Point Peninsula from Scott Base, there is a group learning about sea ice and the different processes of the Southern Ocean. They are looking at water samples and ice structure, to sea ice break up and dispersal.

[Other scientists have posh field camps like this one, with heated shipping containers converted for sleeping, cooking, eating and the pursuit of science]

[The sea ice - sea ice is ice that disperses and melts ever year]

Scott Base

[Welcome to Scott Base]

Scott Base is the name of the Kiwi research station in Antarctica. It is on the southern tip of Ross Island on the Hut Point Peninsula which points South towards the Antarctic continent. Just 3km from the American station of McMurdo, the two bases are connected by a winding gravel road.

[Mount Erebus with a tiny plume of smoke right at the top]

Ross Islands main geographic feature is Mount Erebus. Mount Erebus, along with Mount Terror and Mount Terra Nova are active volcanoes that are being studied all the time. But there are all sorts of other things to be studied here too. Like the sea ice, the fish, the birds, the weather and yes, even the scientists themselves.

After we arrived at Scott Base and had settled in I took some time to explore. The next few pictures were taken around the base and give you an idea of where I’ll be living for the next three weeks. What would be your favourite place to spend time?

[Lockers to store our outdoor gear in]

[The entire station is connected together with corridors, so there's no need to go outside in the cold]

[My bed - I share my room with two ther scientists]

[There are lots and lots of corridors]

[Just outside the mess - or dining hall - is a wall showing all the science projects going on with Antarctica New Zealand this summer]

[The mess hall, we have great cooks who make us delicious food. This morning we had waffles and bacon and eggs and hashbrowns and . . .]

[Because the entire station is connect together can you think of the biggest danger? - It's fire, there are fire hoses and extinguishers everywhere]

[Some of the corridors are more decorated than others. Also notice the metal poles along the walls, because it is so dry here there is a lot of static electricity built up and you have to touch metal every once in a while to discharge any excess - lots of sparks]

[This is Hatherton Lab where everyone can use the computers - with dial up speed internet - and we have our office]

[Another thing about Antarctica is having fun. We have lots of dress up parties and there are all sorts of costumes to choose from]

[Many scientists go out into the field to do their research, but some just do day trips from Scott Base. They have to drive vehicles that allow them to drive on snow. This is a Pisten Bully, it is a very bumpy ride]

[The Pisten Bully is driving out on the sea ice to go ice fishing to collect samples for some scientists. You can see a long way here because it is so flat]

[Just next door to Scott Base is McMurdo, the American Station. We share an airfield which is what you can see down on the ice. This is where we landed when we arrived]

[This is McMurdo. Can you guess what the big, round white tanks are for? They hold all the fuel for both McMurdo and Scott Base for the whole year because it can only be carried in once a year when the sea ice is out enough for a containter ship to come in]

[At the top of Observation Hill is a cross dedicated to Captain Scott and the four men who died with him on their return frmo the South pole in 1912. It is a lovely hike up to here and a great view out over the sea ice and towards the continent]